A

Abstract Window Toolkit. See AWT

Action , 171, 172

ActionEvent , 73

ActionListener , 76

actionPerformed , 71, 165, 172

addItem , 149

Aggressive inlining , 211

alarm , 169

Algorithms

Bresenham's , 110, 129

Collections Framework , 122

comparing , 105

complex , 115

n-squared , 106

order-1 , 104

order-n , 104

recursive , 112

selecting , 103

Allocation

memory , 30, 208

temporary , 90

Analyzing

benchmarks , 25

data from a profiler , 15

performance trends , 21

persistent state , 51

Apache Software Foundation , 24

Apache web server , 185

Apple Computer , 178

Applet

caching , 188

packaging , 186

Applications, distributed , 162

Array

bounds checks , 213

copy , 135

mutability , 99

plain , 122

ArrayList , 119

Assessing memory usage , 53

Average , 26

AWT , 89

mutable objects , 88

utility methods , 167

windowing system , 145

B

Backtrace , 30

BasicBresenham , 112

Bean , 70, 164

Benchmark , 11, 17, 142

analyzing , 25

collections , 123, 125

comparing , 17, 115

copy , 46

embedded , 19

grid drawing , 111

macro , 24

micro , 22, 23

native code , 135

physics simulation , 98

random numbers in , 126

results , 26, 37, 150

tools , 17

Bibliography , 219

bigBang , 85

BigDecimal , 97

BigInteger , 97

Big-oh notation , 104

binarySearch , 122

Bottlenecks , 27, 86

locating , 27

text processing , 86

Bresenham's algorithm , 110, 129

Brute-force solution , 107

Buffered streams , 41

BufferedImage , 108

BufferedInputStream , 42, 52

BufferedOutputStream , 42, 52

Buffering

custom , 44

streams , 42

Bytecodes , 47, 62

C

C programming language , 42, 142, 207

C++ programming language , 31, 92, 207

Caching , 29

class , 59

in a custom renderer , 156

JAR files , 188

objects , 98

CAD , 24

CaffeineMark , 21

Calculating

object size , 57

RAM footprint , 53

Call pattern , 136

Call-Invoke pattern , 141

Call-Pull pattern , 137

Call-Pull-Push pattern , 138

Call-Pull-Push with Critical pattern , 139

Case studies

mutable objects , 97

native code , 142

Cell overhead , 154

CellEditors , 77

Class hierarchy

Collections Framework , 118

java.io , 41

java.lang.ref , 199

Class loading

controlling , 67

dynamic , 187, 212

eager , 67

issues , 65

measuring , 64

Classes, reducing the number of , 70

Code

compiled , 62, 212

elegant , 106

reuse , 145

Codec , 142

Coding phase , 14

Collapsing listeners , 72

Collected state , 198

Collection , 124

Collections

benchmark , 125

example , 123

Framework , 13, 100

algorithms , 122

hierarchy , 118

immutable , 123

interfaces , 117

synchronized , 120

wrapper-synchronized , 121

Comparing algorithms , 105

Compilation, dynamic , 191, 205

Compiled code , 62, 212

Compiler options , 183

CompileThreshold , 217

Complex

algorithms , 115

datasets , 152

Component

architecture , 145, 146

data , 89

objects , 166

Computational performance , 4, 70, 211

Concentrator , 164

Concurrent access , 169

Considering the problem space , 107

const

keyword , 91, 92, 96

pattern , 91

Constant pool entries , 63

Constructing a GUI in the main thread , 166

Controlling class loading , 67, 69

Copy

array , 136

overhead , 123

CurrentTimeMillis , 18

Custom

buffering , 44

model , 152

renderer , 154

D

Data source , 41

Data structure

internal , 61

native , 63

reflective , 62

selecting , 116

Dataset , 152

Deallocated state , 199

Decorator pattern , 121

Default renderer , 156

DefaultTableCellRenderer , 155

DefaultTableModel , 152

Delete keyword , 31

delete keyword , 31

Deployment , 53, 183

Design phase , 14

Developing a performance process , 9

Dimension , 88

Dispatching events , 180

dispose , 199

Distributed applications , 162

Documentation requirements , 90

Downloading

dynamic , 187

programs , 184

Dynamic

compilation , 191, 205

downloading , 187

proxy objects , 75

reflection , 67

DynamicProxy , 76

E

Eager loading , 69

Efficiency , 3

garbage collection , 209

Eliminating temporary objects , 90

Empirical testing , 37

Encapsulation , 13, 123

Environment, runtime , 21, 142

Estimating object size , 57

Event

dispatching , 165, 180

model , 74

EventQueue , 167

Examining JNI costs , 133

Examples

collections , 123

flat profile , 35

garbage collection , 201

grid drawing framework , 107

improved program launcher , 82

improved serialization , 49

native graphics , 129

office suite , 77

physics simulation framework , 91

program launcher , 84

searching the web , 178

serialization , 48

spreadsheet , 82, 151, 157

stopwatch , 20

string reverser , 113

sum computer , 104

timer , 174

word processor , 32

Execution times , 28

Explicit notifications , 164

Express Search , 178

F

Factory method , 69, 121

File streams , 47

FileInputStream , 43

FileOutputStream , 43

Filter , 41

Filter streams , 41

Final keyword , 92, 99

finalize , 198

Finalized state , 198

Finalizer , 64, 200

Flags, -X , 28, 213

Flags, -XX , 216, 217

Flat profiles , 32

example , 35

FlatLiner , 112

Flattening objects , 47, 51

Font , 28

FontMetrics , 30

Footprint

compile threshold and , 217

computing , 53

measuring , 54

memory , 31, 98

object pooling and , 98

optimizing , 53

problems , 31

FTP , 47

G

Garbage collection , 31, 59, 98, 199

conservative , 208

efficiency , 209

guarantees , 193

incremental , 210

mark-compact , 210

memory management , 208

GC. See garbage collection.

Generational copying collection , 209

Geometry classes , 88

getBounds , 92

getCustomerAddress , 186

getFontMetrics , 29

getIntArrayRegion , 137

getLocation , 96

getPrimitiveArrayCritical , 140

getStates , 100

getTableCellRendererComponent , 155

getValueAt , 155

Graphical User Interface. See GUI

Grid drawing

benchmark , 111

framework example , 107

GridTest , 111

GUI

example , 179

guidelines , 161

inner classes , 72

perceived performance , 7

H

Hanoi, Towers of , 113

Hardware configuration , 11, 12

HashMap , 120, 152

HashSet , 120

Hashtable , 98

Heap , 51, 53, 140, 214

Heap profiler , 28

Hot spot , 28, 104, 212

HotSpot , 97, 206

architecture , 205

optimizations , 213

virtual machine , 205

hprof , 28

HTTP server , 47, 180

I

I/O , 41, 180

performance , 41

If-statement , 112

If-then-else , 73

Image , 175

Immutable , 91, 123

collections , 123

objects , 85, 123

Implementations, runtime , 21, 63

Incremental garbage collector , 210

InfoSeek , 178

initFrameRate , 176

Initialization

costs , 32

delayed , 61

overhead , 99

Inlining , 211

Inner classes , 70, 71

Input streams , 180

InputStream , 41

Insets , 88

Inspecting memory , 54

Intermediate objects , 85

Internal data structure , 61

interrupt , 180

InterruptedIOException , 180

Interrupting a worker thread , 180

In-use state , 195, 205

Invalidate , 166

Invisible state , 196

InvocationHandler , 76

invoke , 75

invokeAndWait , 167, 168

invokeLater , 167, 173

isInterrupted , 180

Iterating

over a collection , 124

over a loop , 87

Iterator , 100

J

JAR file , 184, 186

Java 3D , 143

Java archive. See JAR file

Java Foundation Classes. See JFC

Java Media Framework. See JMF

Java Native Interface. See JNI

Java Plug-In , 188

Java programming language

copy , 136

Java Servlets. See servlets

Java Virtual Machine. See JVM

java.awt , 88, 167

java.awt.Button , 64

java.awt.Component , 88

java.awt.Container , 88

java.awt.Frame , 32

java.exe , 55

java.io , 41

java.io hierarchy , 41

java.lang.ref , 200

java.lang.ref hierarchy , 199

java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler , 75

java.lang.reflect.Proxy , 75

java.lang.Runtime , 53

java.lang.StringBuffer , 87

java.lang.System , 18

java.math , 97, 143

java.util , 168

java.util.Arrays , 123

java.util.Collections , 123

java.util.Hashtable , 116

java.util.Random , 126

java.util.Timer , 173

java.util.Vector , 116

JavaBeans , 70, 164

javac , 62, 87, 183

JavaServer Pages , 24

javax.swing , 168

javax.swing.JFrame , 32

javax.swing.JTable , 77

javax.Swing.Timer , 172

javax.swing.UIDefaults.ProxyLazyValue , 77

JButton , 70

JComboBox , 116, 149, 150

JComponent , 90, 91, 157, 166

JFC , 13, 145, 183

JFrame , 166

Jini , 47

JIT

code generators , 63

compiled code , 63

compilers , 208

optimizations , 187

JLabel , 147

JList , 154

JMark , 21

JMeter , 24

JMF , 142

JNI , 129, 197, 215, 219

costs , 133

patterns , 136

JPEG , 43

JTable , 13, 35, 61, 154

JTextField , 167

JTree , 148

Just-In-Time compiler. See JIT

JViewport , 35

JVM

HotSpot , 205

specification , 205

JVMS. See Java Virtual Machine Specification

K

Key points (sections)

algorithms and data structures , 127

controlling class loading , 84

deployment , 189

I/O performance , 52

measurement is everything , 36

object mutability , 102

performance process , 16

RAM footprint , 65

Swing models and renderers , 159

using native code , 144

writing responsive user interfaces , 181

Keyword

const , 91, 92, 96

delete , 31

final , 92, 99

new , 31, 86

transient , 49, 51, 52

L

Large datasets , 147

Leaks , 31, 54, 180, 201

Learning curve , 90

Legacy code , 91

Line drawing , 108, 133

LineDrawer , 107

LinkedList , 13, 119

List , 13, 126

Listeners , 166

collapsing , 72

lists , 166

ListenerThread , 82

ListenerType , 166

Load factor , 120

Locating leaks , 31

Location , 91

Locking , 211

M

Macro-benchmark , 23

Maintaining encapsulation , 123

Maintenance costs , 90

Managing memory , 98

Map , 120

Mark-compact collector , 210

Measuring

class loads , 64

object size , 58

a program's true footprint , 54

software performance , 1

a system under load , 6

memcpy , 140

Memory , 31

allocation , 30, 208

consumption , 63

footprint , 31, 98

inspecting , 54

leaks , 31, 54, 180, 201

management , 98, 208

usage , 4, 30, 53, 200, 208

virtual , 4, 53, 193

Merge sort , 122

MetalWorks , 184

Method execution times , 27

Micro-benchmark , 22

Minimum hardware configuration , 11

Model , 149, 157

and renderers , 145

custom , 152, 153

Model-View-Controller. See MVC architecture

modInverse , 97

modPow , 97

Mutability

array , 99

case study , 97

controlling , 127

object , 85, 88, 98, 123

strategies , 91

MutableBigInteger , 97

MutableLocation , 96

MVC architecture , 145

myGlobalTimer , 173

N

Native code , 56, 129, 197, 212

case studies , 142

comparison , 132

data structures , 63

graphics example , 129

using , 129

Native libraries , 64

nativecritical , 135

nativecriticalmemcpy , 140

nativedoabsolutelynothing , 136

nativedonothing , 138

nativepullonly , 135

Network

socket , 47

traffic , 25, 51

new keyword , 31, 86

Notation , 104

NothingComponent , 156

Notifications

explicit , 164

reducing , 149

N-squared algorithm , 106

NT , 55, 78

O

O(1) algorithm , 104

O(n) algorithm , 104

O(n2) algorithm , 105

Object

caching , 98

flattened , 47

heap , 51, 53, 140, 214

immutable , 85, 123

intermediate , 85

lifecycle , 194

mutability , 85, 98, 123

pooling , 98

reference , 199

serialization , 47

size

computing , 57

estimating , 57

measuring , 58

optimizing , 61

strategies , 91

temporary , 90, 156

ObjectInputStream , 49

Object-oriented design (OOD) , 12, 35

Object-oriented software development , 9

ObjectOutputStream , 50

Office suite example , 77

Optimizing

object size , 61

RAM footprint , 53

order , 104

Order-n algorithm , 104

OutOfMemoryError , 156, 199, 215

OutputStream , 44

Overhead , 169

cell , 154

copying , 123

initialization , 99

P

pack , 165

Packaging

applets , 186

utilities , 187

paintComponent , 175

Patterns

call , 136

call-invoke , 141

call-pull , 137

call-pull-push , 138

call-pull-push with critical , 139

concentrator , 164

const , 91

decorator , 121

singleton , 30

Performance , 10

bottlenecks , 27, 86

computational , 4, 70, 211

degradation , 22, 105

perceived , 7, 181, 183

process , 9

profiling , 9, 32, 89

requirements , 11

testing , 14, 125

tracking , 21

tuning , 10

Persistent state , 51

Phantom

reachable state , 201

reference , 201

Physics simulation framework example , 91

Plain arrays , 122

Planned limitations , 11

Pluggable look-and-feel (PLAF) , 145

pmap , 55

Pooling objects , 98

Primitive types , 90, 122

PrintBytecodeHistogram , 217

println , 115

Problem space , 107

Processing text , 86

Product specification , 11

Production environment , 24

Profiler , 29, 201, 215

analyzing results , 15

heap , 28

Profiling , 15, 27

execution times , 28

memory usage , 30

performance , 9, 32, 89

results , 94

to locate memory leaks , 31

tools , 15, 30, 62, 89

Program launcher example , 82

Program size , 184

Programming language

C , 42, 142, 207

C++ , 31, 92, 207

Programming language, C++ , xviii

programQuit , 83

Proxy , 76

dynamic , 75

using , 74

Public API , 95

Q

Quality assurance , 14, 199

Quantitative results , 12, 17

R

RAM footprint , 4, 53, 72, 186

Random numbers , 126

randomAccess , 126

readObject , 50

Realized , 165

Rectangle , 91

Recursion , 112

Reducing

number of classes , 70

download time , 184

program size , 184

Reference

objects , 199

phantom , 201

soft , 201

strong , 202

types , 200

weak , 200, 202

References

algorithms and data structures , 127

garbage collection , 203

general , 219

object-oriented design , 15

Reflection

data structures , 62

dynamic , 67

using , 73

ReflectiveAction , 74

Renderer , 147, 155

custom , 154

default , 156

Resources, accessing , 186

Responsive user interfaces , 161

Results, quantitative , 17

Resurrection , 200

RMI , 51

RowHeaderModel , 158

RowHeaderRenderer , 157

Runnable , 167

Running multiple programs , 79

Runtime

environment , 21, 142

features , 208

implementations , 21, 63

S

Scalability , 6, 16, 31, 105, 148, 164

Scenarios , 11

SciMark , 21

Scrolling speed , 35, 155

Search Party example , 179

SearchWorker , 180

See HotSpot

Selecting

algorithms , 103

data structures , 116

timer classes , 173

Serialization , 47

example , 48, 49

ServerSocket , 82

Servlets , 86

Set , 119

setBounds , 89

setIntArrayRegion , 138

setTimer , 169

SheetMetal example , 157

Sherlock , 178

Shipping criteria , 14

SIGALRM , 169

Single-thread rule , 165

Singleton pattern , 30

Slow methods , 29

Small objects and the modern JVM , 97

SmallTalk , 86, 145

Soft reference , 201

Softly reachable , 201

Software development process , 9

Software performance, measuring , 1

Software requirements specification. See SRS

Solaris , 56, 142, 185

Solution

brute-force , 107

elegant , 106

Sort , 122

SortedMap , 120

SortedSet , 120

SpecJVM , 21, 213

Spreadsheet example , 151

SpreadsheetRowHeader , 157

SRS , 11

StackOverflowError , 113

startFade , 175

Startup time , 5, 24, 185, 206

State

finalized , 198

invisible , 196

phantom reachable , 201

unreachable , 197

Statistics , 26, 217

stdio , 42

Stopwatch , 20, 124

Strategy , 29, 199

deployment , 183

mutable objects , 91

Streams , 41

buffered , 41

buffering , 42

file , 47

filter , 41

input , 180

String , 86, 87, 112

StringBuffer , 87

String-reverser example , 113

Strong reference , 202

Strongly reachable , 201

Sum computer example , 104

Super-linear behavior , 105

Swing , 35, 61, 102, 145

component architecture , 145

components , 147

models and renderers , 145

scalable components , 147

single-thread rule , 165

writing responsive GUIs , 164

Swing Connection, The , 161

SwingTimerTask , 175

SwingUtilities , 167

SwingWorker , 177

Synchronized collections , 120

System requirements , 12, 194

System.arrayCopy , 119, 141

System.exit , 84

System.getCurrentMillis , 126

T

TableModel , 153

Tactics

const pattern , 91

custom models , 153

custom renderers , 156

dynamic proxies , 75

object pooling , 98

reflection , 70

testing for easy-to-solve subcases , 112

trampolines , 74

Tagging interface , 48

Target configuration , 4, 12, 24

Task Manager , 55, 78

Temporary

allocations , 90

objects , 90, 156

Test configuration , 37

Testing

empirical , 37

phase , 14

Testing performance , 14, 125

Text processing , 86

Thread.interrupt , 180

Thread.interrupted , 180

Thread.isInterrupted , 180

Thread.MIN_PRIORITY , 179

Threads , 63, 98, 170

priority , 179

synchronization , 211

using , 164

worker , 178

Thread-safe , 165

Timer , 171, 172, 173

Timers , 168

choosing , 173

example , 174

using , 168

TimerTask , 172

Tools

benchmarking , 17

packaging , 187

profiling , 15, 30, 62, 89

toString , 87

totalMemory , 54

Towers of Hanoi , 113

Tracking performance , 21

Trade-offs , 18, 45, 116, 117

Trampoline , 74

transient , 51, 52, 164

Translator framework , 68

TreeMap , 120

TreeSet , 120, 125

Trend analysis , 21

Tuning process , 10

Types

primitive , 90, 122

reference object , 200

U

UI delegate , 145

UIDefaults , 77

UIManager , 158

Unreachable state , 197

UnsupportedOperationException , 100, 123

User input , 161, 199

Using

a proxy , 74

custom models , 152

custom models and renderers together , 157

custom renderers , 154

invokeAndWait , 167

invokeLater , 167

native code , 129

recursive algorithms , 112

reflection , 73

threads , 164

timers , 168

Utilities, packaging , 187

V

Virtual Machine

HotSpot , xvii

Virtual machine. See JVM

Virtual memory , 4, 53, 193

VolanoMark , 21

W

Weak reference , 200, 202

example , 201

Weakly reachable , 201

WeakReference , 201

Web search example , 178

Web server , 24, 185

What contributes to footprint? , 55

What is a collection? , 116

What is performance? , 3

Who uses these tactics? , 77

Why build benchmarks? , 21

Why should I care about garbage collection? , 193

Windows NT , 55, 78

Word processor example , 68

Worker thread , 178

Interrupting , 180

priority , 179

Worst case , 26

Wrapper-synchronized collection , 121

X

-X flags , 28, 213

-Xbatch , 214

-Xincgc , 214

-Xms , 214

-Xmx , 215

-Xnoclassgc , 214

-Xprof , 215

-XX flags , 216

Index