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Python Library Reference
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1. Introduction
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Python Library Reference
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Front Matter
Contents
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Built-in Types, Exceptions and Functions
2.1 Built-in Types
2.1.1 Truth Value Testing
2.1.2 Boolean Operations
2.1.3 Comparisons
2.1.4 Numeric Types
2.1.5 Sequence Types
2.1.6 Mapping Types
2.1.7 Other Built-in Types
2.1.8 Special Attributes
2.2 Built-in Exceptions
2.3 Built-in Functions
3. Python Services
3.1 sys -- System-specific parameters and functions
3.2 types -- Names for all built-in types.
3.3 UserDict -- Class wrapper for dictionary objects
3.4 UserList -- Class wrapper for list objects
3.5 operator -- Standard operators as functions.
3.6 traceback -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback
3.6.1 Traceback Example
3.7 linecache -- Random access to text lines
3.8 pickle -- Python object serialization
3.9 cPickle -- Alternate implementation of pickle
3.10 copy_reg -- Register pickle support functions
3.11 shelve -- Python object persistency
3.12 copy -- Shallow and deep copy operations
3.13 marshal -- Alternate Python object serialization
3.14 imp -- Access the import internals
3.14.1 Examples
3.15 parser -- Access parse trees for Python code
3.15.1 Creating AST Objects
3.15.2 Converting AST Objects
3.15.3 Queries on AST Objects
3.15.4 Exceptions and Error Handling
3.15.5 AST Objects
3.15.6 Examples
3.16 symbol -- Constants used with Python parse trees
3.17 token -- Constants used with Python parse trees
3.18 keyword -- Testing for Python keywords
3.19 tokenize -- Tokenizer for Python source
3.20 pyclbr -- Python class browser support
3.20.1 Class Descriptor Objects
3.21 code -- Code object services.
3.22 codeop -- Compile Python code
3.23 pprint -- Data pretty printer.
3.23.1 PrettyPrinter Objects
3.24 repr -- Alternate repr() implementation.
3.24.1 Repr Objects
3.24.2 Subclassing Repr Objects
3.25 py_compile -- Compile Python source files.
3.26 compileall -- Byte-compile Python libraries.
3.27 dis -- Disassembler.
3.27.1 Python Byte Code Instructions
3.28 new -- Runtime implementation object creation
3.29 site -- Site-specific configuration hook
3.30 user -- User-specific configuration hook
3.31 __builtin__ -- Built-in functions
3.32 __main__ -- Top-level script environment.
4. String Services
4.1 string -- Common string operations
4.2 re -- Perl-style regular expression operations.
4.2.1 Regular Expression Syntax
4.2.2 Matching vs. Searching
4.2.3 Module Contents
4.2.4 Regular Expression Objects
4.2.5 Match Objects
4.3 regex -- Regular expression search and match operations.
4.3.1 Regular Expressions
4.3.2 Module Contents
4.4 regsub -- String operations using regular expressions
4.5 struct -- Interpret strings as packed binary data.
4.6 fpformat -- Floating point conversions
4.7 StringIO -- Read and write strings as files
4.8 cStringIO -- Faster version of StringIO
5. Miscellaneous Services
5.1 math -- Mathematical functions
5.2 cmath -- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
5.3 whrandom -- Floating point pseudo-random number generator.
5.4 random -- Generate pseudo-random numbers
5.5 bisect -- Array bisection algorithm
5.5.1 Example
5.6 array -- Efficient arrays of numeric values
5.7 ConfigParser -- Configuration file parser
5.7.1 ConfigParser Objects
5.8 fileinput -- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
5.9 calendar -- Functions that emulate the Unix cal program.
5.10 cmd -- Build line-oriented command interpreters.
5.10.1 Cmd Objects
5.11 shlex -- Simple lexical analysis
5.11.1 shlex Objects
6. Generic Operating System Services
6.1 os -- Miscellaneous OS interfaces
6.1.1 Process Parameters
6.1.2 File Object Creation
6.1.3 File Descriptor Operations
6.1.4 Files and Directories
6.1.5 Process Management
6.1.6 Miscellanenous System Data
6.2 os.path -- Common pathname manipulations
6.3 dircache -- Cached directory listings
6.4 stat -- Interpreting stat() results
6.5 statcache -- An optimization of os.stat()
6.6 statvfs -- Constants used with os.statvfs()
6.7 cmp -- File comparisons
6.8 cmpcache -- Efficient file comparisons
6.9 time -- Time access and conversions.
6.10 sched -- Event scheduler
6.10.1 Scheduler Objects
6.11 getpass -- Portable password input
6.12 curses -- Terminal independant console handling
6.12.1 Constants and Functions
6.12.2 Window Objects
6.13 getopt -- Parser for command line options.
6.14 tempfile -- Generate temporary file names
6.15 errno -- Standard errno system symbols.
6.16 glob -- Unix style pathname pattern expansion
6.17 fnmatch -- Unix filename pattern matching
6.18 shutil -- High-level file operations
6.18.1 Example
6.19 locale -- Internationalization services
6.19.1 Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
6.19.2 For extension writers and programs that embed Python
6.20 mutex -- Mutual exclusion support
6.20.1 Mutex Objects
7. Optional Operating System Services
7.1 signal -- Set handlers for asynchronous events.
7.1.1 Example
7.2 socket -- Low-level networking interface
7.2.1 Socket Objects
7.2.2 Example
7.3 select -- Waiting for I/O completion
7.4 thread -- Multiple threads of control
7.5 threading -- Higher-level threading interface
7.5.1 Lock Objects
7.5.2 RLock Objects
7.5.3 Condition Objects
7.5.4 Semaphore Objects
7.5.5 Event Objects
7.5.6 Thread Objects
7.6 Queue -- A synchronized queue class.
7.6.1 Queue Objects
7.7 anydbm -- Generic access to DBM-style databases
7.8 dumbdbm -- Portable DBM implementation
7.9 dbhash -- DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
7.9.1 Database Objects
7.10 whichdb -- Guess which DBM module created a database
7.11 bsddb -- Interface to Berkeley DB library
7.11.1 Hash, BTree and Record Objects
7.12 zlib -- Compression compatible with gzip
7.13 gzip -- Support for gzip files
7.14 rlcompleter -- Completion function for readline
7.14.1 Completer Objects
8. Unix Specific Services
8.1 posix -- The most common POSIX system calls
8.1.1 Large File Support
8.1.2 Module Contents
8.2 pwd -- The password database
8.3 grp -- The group database
8.4 crypt -- Function used to check Unix passwords
8.5 dl -- Call C functions in shared objects
8.5.1 Dl Objects
8.6 dbm -- Simple ``database'' interface
8.7 gdbm -- GNU's reinterpretation of dbm
8.8 termios -- POSIX style tty control
8.8.1 Example
8.9 TERMIOS -- Constants used with the termios module
8.10 tty -- Terminal control functions
8.11 pty -- Pseudo-terminal utilities
8.12 fcntl -- The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
8.13 pipes -- Interface to shell pipelines
8.13.1 Template Objects
8.14 posixfile -- File-like objects with locking support
8.15 resource -- Resource usage information
8.15.1 Resource Limits
8.15.2 Resource Usage
8.16 nis -- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yello Pages)
8.17 syslog -- Unix syslog library routines
8.18 popen2 -- Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
8.18.1 Popen3 Objects
8.19 commands -- Utilities for running commands
9. The Python Debugger
9.1 Debugger Commands
9.2 How It Works
10. The Python Profiler
10.1 Introduction to the profiler
10.2 How Is This Profiler Different From The Old Profiler?
10.3 Instant Users Manual
10.4 What Is Deterministic Profiling?
10.5 Reference Manual
10.5.1 The Stats Class
10.6 Limitations
10.7 Calibration
10.8 Extensions -- Deriving Better Profilers
10.8.1 OldProfile Class
10.8.2 HotProfile Class
11. Internet Protocols and Support
11.1 cgi -- Common Gateway Interface support.
11.1.1 Introduction
11.1.2 Using the cgi module
11.1.3 Old classes
11.1.4 Functions
11.1.5 Caring about security
11.1.6 Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
11.1.7 Testing your CGI script
11.1.8 Debugging CGI scripts
11.1.9 Common problems and solutions
11.2 urllib -- Open an arbitrary object given by URL.
11.3 httplib -- HTTP protocol client
11.3.1 HTTP Objects
11.3.2 Example
11.4 ftplib -- FTP protocol client
11.4.1 FTP Objects
11.5 gopherlib -- Gopher protocol client
11.6 poplib -- POP3 protocol client
11.6.1 POP3 Objects
11.6.2 POP3 Example
11.7 imaplib -- IMAP4 protocol client
11.7.1 IMAP4 Objects
11.7.2 IMAP4 Example
11.8 nntplib -- NNTP protocol client
11.8.1 NNTP Objects
11.9 smtplib -- SMTP protocol client
11.9.1 SMTP Objects
11.9.2 SMTP Example
11.10 telnetlib -- Telnet client
11.10.1 Telnet Objects
11.11 urlparse -- Parse URLs into components.
11.12 SocketServer -- A framework for network servers.
11.13 BaseHTTPServer -- Basic HTTP server.
11.14 SimpleHTTPServer -- A Do-Something Request Handler
11.15 CGIHTTPServer -- A Do-Something Request Handler
11.16 asyncore -- Asyncronous socket handler
11.16.1 Example basic HTTP client
12. Internet Data Handling
12.1 sgmllib -- Simple SGML parser
12.2 htmllib -- A parser for HTML documents
12.2.1 HTMLParser Objects
12.3 htmlentitydefs -- Definitions of HTML general entities
12.4 xmllib -- A parser for XML documents
12.4.1 XML Namespaces
12.5 formatter -- Generic output formatting
12.5.1 The Formatter Interface
12.5.2 Formatter Implementations
12.5.3 The Writer Interface
12.5.4 Writer Implementations
12.6 rfc822 -- Parse RFC 822 mail headers
12.6.1 Message Objects
12.6.2 AddressList Objects
12.7 mimetools -- Tools for parsing MIME messages
12.7.1 Additional Methods of Message objects
12.8 MimeWriter -- Generic MIME file writer
12.8.1 MimeWriter Objects
12.9 multifile -- Support for files containing distinct parts
12.9.1 MultiFile Objects
12.9.2 MultiFile Example
12.10 binhex -- Encode and decode binhex4 files
12.10.1 Notes
12.11 uu -- Encode and decode uuencode files
12.12 binascii -- Convert between binary and ASCII
12.13 xdrlib -- Encode and decode XDR data.
12.13.1 Packer Objects
12.13.2 Unpacker Objects
12.13.3 Exceptions
12.14 mailcap -- Mailcap file handling.
12.15 mimetypes -- Map filenames to MIME types
12.16 base64 -- Encode and decode MIME base64 data
12.17 quopri -- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
12.18 mailbox -- Read various mailbox formats
12.18.1 Mailbox Objects
12.19 mhlib -- Access to MH mailboxes
12.19.1 MH Objects
12.19.2 Folder Objects
12.19.3 Message Objects
12.20 mimify -- MIME processing of mail messages
12.21 netrc -- netrc file processing
12.21.1 netrc Objects
13. Restricted Execution
13.1 rexec -- Restricted execution framework
13.1.1 An example
13.2 Bastion -- Restricting access to objects
14. Multimedia Services
14.1 audioop -- Manipulate raw audio data
14.2 imageop -- Manipulate raw image data
14.3 aifc -- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
14.4 sunau -- Read and write Sun AU files
14.4.1 AU_read Objects
14.4.2 AU_write Objects
14.5 wave -- Read and write WAV files
14.5.1 Wave_read Objects
14.5.2 Wave_write Objects
14.6 chunk -- Read IFF chunked data
14.7 colorsys -- Conversions between color systems
14.8 rgbimg -- Read and write ``SGI RGB'' files
14.9 imghdr -- Determine the type of an image.
14.10 sndhdr -- Determine type of sound file.
15. Cryptographic Services
15.1 md5 -- MD5 message digest algorithm
15.2 sha -- SHA message digest algorithm
15.3 mpz -- GNU arbitrary magnitude integers
15.4 rotor -- Enigma-like encryption and decryption.
16. SGI IRIX Specific Services
16.1 al -- Audio functions on the SGI
16.1.1 Configuration Objects
16.1.2 Port Objects
16.2 AL -- Constants used with the al module
16.3 cd -- CD-ROM access on SGI systems
16.3.1 Player Objects
16.3.2 Parser Objects
16.4 fl -- FORMS library interface for GUI applications
16.4.1 Functions Defined in Module fl
16.4.2 Form Objects
16.4.3 FORMS Objects
16.5 FL -- Constants used with the fl module
16.6 flp -- Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
16.7 fm -- Font Manager interface
16.8 gl -- Graphics Library interface
16.9 DEVICE -- Constants used with the gl module
16.10 GL -- Constants used with the gl module
16.11 imgfile -- Support for SGI imglib files
16.12 jpeg -- Read and write JPEG files
17. SunOS Specific Services
17.1 sunaudiodev -- Access to Sun audio hardware
17.1.1 Audio Device Objects
17.2 SUNAUDIODEV -- Constants used with sunaudiodev
18. MS Windows Specific Services
18.1 msvcrt - Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
18.1.1 File Operations
18.1.2 Console I/O
18.1.3 Other Functions
18.2 winsound -- Sound-playing interface for Windows
19. Undocumented Modules
19.1 Frameworks
19.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities
19.3 Platform specific modules
19.4 Multimedia
19.5 Obsolete
19.6 Extension modules
Module Index
Index
Python Library Reference
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